Unraveling the Internet: A Deep Dive into its Infrastructure

In a recent interview with Matrix Networks' Senior Network Engineer Brian Thompson, we asked him to explain how the Internet works. He provided an explanation on the intricacies of how the internet functions. This deep dive into the digital infrastructure is especially relevant for any tech enthusiast or professional aiming to improve their understanding of internet operations and network connectivity. 

Understanding the Tiers of Internet Providers 

Brian began by distinguishing between different tiers of internet providers, which form the backbone of internet connectivity: 

• Tier 1 Providers: These are the top-level networks which do not purchase internet transit from anyone else. They own extensive fiber infrastructure and exchange data freely with each other without costs. Giants like AT&T and Verizon belong in this category, managing vast routes and data highways that span across continents. 

• Tier 2 Providers: These providers connect with Tier 1 networks to access parts of the internet. Companies like Comcast operate at this level, serving widespread areas by purchasing bandwidth from Tier 1 providers. 

• Tier 3 Providers: Focused more on local or regional services, these providers depend heavily on Tier 2 providers for their internet connectivity. They're closer to the end-user, often involving smaller business or residential internet services. 

The Role of Internet Exchanges 

Brian also elaborated on the crucial role played by internet exchanges. These physical infrastructures allow different providers to handle data more efficiently by keeping local internet traffic within local networks. For instance, if someone in Portland, Oregon, sends an email to a neighbor, the data can travel via local exchanges rather than taking a detour through distant cities or states. This efficiency not only speeds up data transmission but also reduces the cost and load on broader internet pathways. 

Inside the Physical Internet 

One of the most intriguing parts of the session was when Brian described what physically happens in the spaces where the internet lives—places like the Pittock Block in Portland and the Westin Building in Seattle. These locations house the critical hardware that makes up the internet’s backbone: routers, switches, and miles of fiber optic cables that carry data across the globe. 

A Peek into Optical Networking 

Exploring further, Brian discussed the technological marvels of optical networking, including Coarse and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM and DWDM). These technologies allow for multiple data channels to coexist on the same optical fiber by using different wavelengths of light. This significantly increases the capacity of fibers, making it possible to handle the ever-growing data demands without laying new cables. 

The Future and How We Connect 

Brian concluded by pointing out the constant evolution of internet infrastructure with new technologies improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing the robustness of connections. The development of new protocols and standards continues to push the boundaries of what the internet can do, ensuring it can support the next generation of digital services and connectivity demands. 

This session highlighted the complexities of the internet and underscored the critical role network engineers like Brian play in keeping the digital world connected. For anyone involved in IT or networking, understanding these foundations is not just academic—it's essential to navigating and optimizing the internet of today and tomorrow.